America s Need For Black Gold - 1221 Words

Joseph Brickey Elizabeth Hantack Pre-AP English II 24 February 2017 America’s Need for Black Gold In 1973, in the wake of conflict in the Middle East, US drivers were feeling the repercussions with every gallon of gasoline and oil that they consumed. The members of OPEC placed an oil embargo on the US and several other nations because of their aid to the Israeli military. This embargo greatly pressured the US, who was highly dependent on foreign oil. In the aftermath of this crisis, President Nixon called for the increased energy production to avoid this problem in the future. Yet, in this present day, the United States faces a similar, although not as extreme, situation. Measures must be made to make the United States energy independent.†¦show more content†¦As of 2015, US natural gas proved reserves totalled 324.3 tcfg. The US produces 28.8 mmcfg (million million cubic feet of gas) each year (4). With unrestricted drilling of new sites, totalling 723 tcfg, the US could significantly increase its natural gas production per year in th e next 10-20 years (5). Body Paragraph 2 Domestic Production would create many jobs for citizens in rural communities Construction, alone, of the Keystone Pipeline will generate 42,000 jobs (2). As of January 2017, US oil and natural gas companies have employed 177,000 to produce, refine, and distribute oil products. By 2024, experts project the number to rise to 220,000, an almost 25% increase. Oil and natural gas companies hoping to drill unconfirmed sites in the United States will need to employ more and more people. (6). Hydrofracking and drilling are dangerous practices that could endanger the environment and workers. The US Department of Labor has recorded a steady decrease of work-related injuries and fatalities since 2012 and as of 2014, 120 work related fatalities have been recorded, 38% lower than 2013 (6). 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Is costumer behavior a quantitative science or qualitativ Free Essays

Introduction All of us are consumers. We consume good everyday, we consume and buy products and services according to our needs, preferences and buying power. What we buy, how we buy, where and when we buy, in how much quantity we buy depends on our social and cultural background and our age and family but also on our perception, attitudes, beliefs and values, motivation, personality, and many other factors that are both internal and external to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Is costumer behavior a quantitative science or qualitativ or any similar topic only for you Order Now All this process is what we call in economics term consumer behaviour. It is important to say that we also consider before buying whether to buy or not to buy and, from which source or sellers. The marketers try to understand the needs of different consumers and having understood different behaviours require they study in their internal and external environment, they formulate their plans for marketing. I will try to develop an interdisciplinary approach of consumer behaviour starting from defining the concept moving to microeconomics methodological study and passing through the behavioural economics highly mphasizing on factors that influence the decision-making process of consumers behaviour I think two summarize more the concepts: â€Å"Customer behaviour reflects the totally of consumer decision with respect to the acquisition, consumption and disposing of goods, services, activities experiences, people and ideas by (human) decision-making†l . Customer behaviour means more than Just the way that a person buys tangible product such as cars. It also included peoples use of services, experiences and activities such as going to the doctor. Microeconomics and Behaviour economics I start with a brief overview of to microeconomics theory, which represents a starting point for examining costumer behaviour. The microeconomics theory makes the assumption that â€Å"Consumer behave rationally and given the chance they will choose the best alternative of with their level of income and preference2† Neoclassical economic coincided with the dominance of the positivist methodological position that judges a theory by its ability to make predictions that are supported by the evidence. In Microeconomics â€Å"the individual firm rationally maximizes profit through purchase decision†3. n sum the microeconomics theory balances tour elements tn consumer’s available income, the price of the goods, the consumer’s tastes or preferences, and the assumption of utility maximization. In such models, utility can best be thought of as levels of satisfaction, happiness or personal benefit. By using the assumption that individuals act in order to maximize personal subjective benefits, economists make costumer behaviour analyse quite simple as they â€Å"apply powerful mathematical techniques for modelling behaviour outcomes4†. The Microeconomics model of costumer behaviour often correspond to how costumer ehave however clear and voluminous evidence from psychology has shown that the rationality assumption of standards economics are wrong. Evidence from psychology has shown that we often are irrational. â€Å"This selfish maximization principle of Homo economicus limits the application of neoclassical economics to other areas†5 Recognition of these difficulties had led to a series of new approaches to modelling the individual behaviour, mostly based on challenges to the assumption of neoclassical economics. At the end of the 20th century the strict neoclassical position came under attack from many different directions. Some of these merely suggested more complex objectives and constraints, while others took economics is new directions by putting an emphasis on uncertainty and risk†6. Simon argued that human behaviour is best modelled as aspiration-based, rather than as optimizing behaviour. In his view is important to achieve aspiration levels with satisfactory outcomes indicating that â€Å"satisfy’ behaviour is normal and optimizing behaviour is abnormal. How to cite Is costumer behavior a quantitative science or qualitativ, Papers

Philip Morris Essay Example For Students

Philip Morris Essay Complete Philip Morris Marketing Analysis Definition of Industry Market Concept The tobacco industry consists of many competitors trying to satisfy a specific customer need. Companies such as Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, Brown and Williamson, and Lorillard hold almost the entire market share in the tobacco industry. While each company has different advertising and marketing techniques, they all target the same customer group. Tobacco companies try their best to generate interest in their particular brand or brands. Companies market a number of attributes that usually include, but are not limited to: taste, flavor, strength, size and image in order to distinguish themselves from competitors (Business Week 179, November 29, 1999). However, all tobacco companies are satisfying the same needs. Many long-time smokers are addicted to the nicotine in cigarettes. They smoke because the nicotine is needed to help them feel normal (Focus group). Many addicts go through withdraw without nicotine. All tobacco companies have nicotine in their cigarettes, which fulfills the need of long-time smokers. Other smokers depend on cigarettes in social settings. Many smoke to look sophisticated and mature. Tobacco companies make many kinds of cigarettes that target different groups. Social smokers may perceive certain brands as more sophisticated, and therefore they shy away from other lesser-known brands. For example, a person who smoked generic cigarettes at the bar may be perceived as uncultured. On the other hand, the smoker with the Marlboro Lights may be more socially accepted because they have a brand name product (Focus group). Many types of cigarettes cater to the many markets of smokers who want to portray a certain image in social settings. Tobacco companies do not create the need to smoke, but try to generate interest in their particular brand (Hays, New York Times, November 24, 1999). Overall, the tobacco companies satisfy consumer demand for the millions of adult Americans who choose to use tobacco by providing differentiated products to different target markets of smokers.Industry Concept The tobacco industry has developed a rather large array of products. Companies such as Philip Morris, Lorillard, RJ Reynolds, and Brown and Williamson, as well as the other smaller competitors, all provide the same product- cigarettes. The tobacco industry is filled with fierce competitors. But underneath the brand names and images, the product is relatively the same. All tobacco companies produce an inhalant that is made with tobacco, tar, and nicotine. These materials are rolled in a special kind of slow-burning paper for longer smoking time. The cigarettes are approximately three to four inches long and come in packs of twenty to twenty-five. With so many similarities, one would think that the market would resemble that of a commodity. However, through brand marketing and promotions, each cigarette is uniquely different in the mind of the customer. Boundaries The tobacco industry can be broadly or narrowly defined. Many products use tobacco as the main material. We chose to define the market by focusing on the tobacco and the way it is smoked. Companies such as Philip Morris, Lorillard, RJ Reynolds, and Brown and Williamson are the main competitors in the tobacco industry (Pollack, Advertising Age, August 30, 1999). They produce cigarettes, which are lit and the smoke is inhaled to the lungs. Tobacco products such as cigars, snuff, and chew are considered close substitutes to cigarettes. Cigar smoke is just taken into the mouth, but not inhaled like cigarettes. Snuff and chew do not even contain smoke, but are put on the skin for nicotine absorption. Companies such as Imperial Tobacco, which produce a wide array of chew and snuff products, would be considered a company that provides substitutes to cigarettes. .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a , .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .postImageUrl , .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a , .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:hover , .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:visited , .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:active { border:0!important; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:active , .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6e1cc7769ebbfa324ce28c6fa878837a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Notes to Myself Essay They would not fall in the cigarette industry itself. 2 .Situation Analysis 2.1 Industry Structural Analysis 2. 1.1 Threat of Entry The tobacco industry has a very low threat of entry. A few powerful firms, such as Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, Lorillard, and Brown and Williamson, control most of the industry (Pollack, Advertising Age, August 30, 1999). Any new entrants would be sure to receive heavy retaliation from the other companies fighting to keep their share of the lucrative industry. For example, Philip Morris is by far the industry leader with estimated tobacco sales of $46.7 billion

Smart Materials in Aerospace Industry free essay sample

Within each subsection, we will draw a relationship between the properties of the smart material and its molecular mechanism. This is followed by presenting an outline of their recent and future applications, and the experimental procedures and results done in recent researches to show the feasibility of these applications. In the Discussion section, we will be delving into the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of using smart materials in aerospace components. Finally, the conclusion will give an insight into the relationship between the use of smart materials and the design of future aircrafts. 1. Introduction Smart materials are defined as materials that can significantly change their intrinsic properties (mechanical, thermal, optical or electromagnetic), in a predictable and controlled manner in response to their environmental stimulus[1]. In general, these materials can be categorized into 3 categories, namely thermal-to-mechanical (shape memory alloys), electrical-to-mechanical (piezoelectric), and magnetic-to-mechanical (magnetostrictive). Materials engineering has undergone a major transformation in the recent decade, as atoms and molecules are no longer viewed and worked upon on the microscopic level, but now on the nanometer level. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Materials in Aerospace Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Materials requirements are becoming more complex, especially in the aerospace industry in which safety and cost-effectiveness often conflict against each other. It is no longer acceptable for materials to have a single function; they need to be multifunctional to save costs and weight. Smart materials are now replacing monolithic ones to achieve multiple functions at all scale levels. Hence, smart materials are essentially integrated into the use of aerospace components. What differentiates smart materials from normal monolithic ones? Smart materials exhibit characteristics which most scientists would term as ‘intelligence’. This includes immediacy (the ability to respond in real time); transiency (the ability to respond to more than one environmental states); self-actuation (inherent intelligence within material); selectivity (having a discrete and predictable response); and lastly, directness (response is local to the ‘activating’ event)[2]. The performance characteristics of aircrafts are often limited by properties of materials used in both the airframe and propulsion systems. With the recent advancement of materials technology, high performance materials are created, resulting in a breakthrough in the performance and efficiency of modern aircrafts. The discovery of smart materials provides cost-effective and innovative solutions to the limitations currently faced in the design of aircrafts. These smart materials perform specialized functions when exposed to external stimuli, and they are increasingly being used to replace conventional aircraft parts for better performance. In this report, we shall look at the current and future use of these smart materials in the aerospace industry. 1. Purpose The purpose of this report is to introduce the different types of smart materials and their applications in the aerospace industry. Recent and emerging uses of these smart materials will also be presented, with brief experimental procedures and results obtained from recent researches and experiments to show the feasibility in aerospace applications. 1. 2 Background Smart material transformation was first observed on gold-cadmium, and recorded in 1932. Five year later, in 1938, the same phase transformation was observed in brass. In 1962, Beehler and coworkers discovered the shape memory effects of Nickel-Titanium alloy, and they named this family of alloy as Nitinol. The discovery of Nitinol ignites the discovery of other alloy systems with shape memory effect, and also accelerates the use of smart materials in product development. [3] Since then, aerospace companies are also exploring the use of smart materials in aircraft components. Conventional automatic control systems which use servo-valve or hydraulic actuators face a lot of limitations. These limitations include multiple energy conversions, complexity due to large number of parts resulting in large number of potential failure sites and large weight penalty, high vulnerability of hydraulic network, and frequency limitation. In contrast, the advantages from the use of smart materials actuators include the direct conversion of electrical energy to high frequency linear motion, easier transmission of electrical energy throughout aircraft, and light and compact smart materials induced-strain actuation in place of bulky hydraulic power systems. With this huge potential offered by smart materials, researchers are eager to tap on this potential, by exploring on ways to implement these smart materials into aircraft components. 1. 3 Scope This report will present the 4 common types of smart materials that are popular in the market. A brief description will be made with regards to the mechanism of how the smart materials function. The properties of the smart materials will then be related to their current and future aerospace application. This is followed by the detailed outline of the experimental procedures undertaken by past researches, as well as results obtained which prove the feasibility of using these smart materials for the aerospace applications. Finally, discussions will be made on the viability of the use of smart materials in the aerospace industry, in terms of safety, cost feasibility and future trends. . Types and Applications of Smart Materials 1. Piezoelectric Material Piezoelectricity is the generation of electrical potential in a material in response to a mechanical stress. This is known as the direct effect. It can also mean mechanical deformation upon the application of electrical charge or signal (Harrison JS and Ounaies Z, 2001). In this case, the material can serve as a sensor to detect m echanical stress. In addition, the materials can serve as an actuator when there’s a large increase of size due to electrical stimuli. The two types of piezoelectric materials that are used as smart materials are piezoelectric ceramic and polymer. Properties Piezoelectric materials are widely used as they possess favorable properties such as fast electromechanical response, wide bandwidth, high generative force and relatively low power requirements (Harrison JS and Ounaies Z, 2001). In addition, piezoelectric polymers are flexible, lightweight, and have low acoustic and mechanical impedance, while piezoelectric ceramics are brittle, heavy and toxic. Mechanism Piezoelectric effect is formed in crystals that have no centre of symmetry. One end of the molecule is more negatively charged while the other end is more positively charged, hence a dipole moment exists within the molecule. This is due to both the atomic configuration of the molecule, and also the molecular shape. Polar axis is the imaginary line that runs through the centre of both charges on the molecule. The orientation of the polar axis determines the type of crystal. For monocrystal, all the molecules’ polar axes are oriented in the same direction (Figure 2. 1. 1), while for polycrystal, the polar axes of molecules are oriented in different direction (Figure 2. . 2) [pic][pic] Figure 2. 1. 1 Figure 2. 1. 2 To create the piezoelectric effect, polycrystal is heated under the application of a strong electric field. The high temperature increases the rate of self-diffusion among the molecules, while the strong electric field forces almost all of the dipoles to orient in nearly the same direction (Figure 2. 1. 3) [pic] Figure 2. 1. 3 Piezoelectric ef fect can now be observed in the crystal (Figure 2. 1. 4). Figure (a) shows the piezoelectric material in its neutral state. When the material is compressed, a voltage of the same polarity as the resultant dipole moment will appear between the electrodes (Figure (b)). Conversely, the voltage will be of opposite polarity when the material is expanded (Figure (c)). Similarly, a voltage applied that is opposite to the poling voltage will cause the material to expand(Figure (d)), while an applied voltage of the same polarity will cause the material to be compressed (Figure (e)). If an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the material will vibrate with the same frequency as the signal. [pic] Figure 2. 1. 4 Advantages and Disadvantages[4] Advantages |Disadvantages | |Compact and lightweight |Brittle due to crystalline structure | |Displacement proportional to applied voltage |Produce small strains compared to SMA and magnetostrictives | |Operate over large temperature range |Cannot withstand high shear and tension | |Fast response to applied voltage(msec) |Aging of material | |Repeatable sub-nanom eter steps at high frequency |Uses active control, which can result in instability | |No moving parts |Can become depolarized (at high temperature, high voltages and large | |Function at high frequencies |stresses) | |Excellent stability | | |Easily embedded into laminated composites. Aerospace Applications Piezoelectric materials are mainly used in the aerospace industry for shape control and vibration control. †¢ Tail-Buffet Suppression High performance aircrafts with twin vertical tails often face the aeroelastic phenomenon of tail buffeting, in which the unsteady vortices that emanates from the wing leading edge extensions burst and immerse the vertical tails in their wake. This results in severe vertical tail response and buffet loads, which lowers airframe life and increases maintenance costs. pic][pic] Before the development of piezoelectric actuators, various method of alleviating buffeting was used. One method was the use of hydraulic actuators to superimpose the oscillations of affected control surfaces about their hinges, so as to effect damping. However, this method has two disadvantages. Firstly, the flight control system and buffeting-minimization system must use the same degree of freedom for the same control surface, thus reducing the availabi lity of the control surface for each role. Secondly, operations are limited to low frequencies due to the difficulty of oscillation a large control surface about its hinges. Experiment The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) collaborated with National Research Council Canada (NRC) and Department of Defense of Canada (DND) in researching about the feasibility of using piezoelectric actuators for tail buffet suppression on a full-scale F/A-18. The full-scale aircraft was tested in the International Follow-On Structural Test (IFOST) Program rig in Australia (Yousefi-Koma A Zimcik DG 2003). The procedures for the experiment are as follow: †¢ The starboard fin of the aircraft was instrumented with piezoelectric actuators over a wide area on both sides of the fin, as shown in Figure 2. 1. 5. [pic] Figure 2. 1. 5 †¢ Accelerometers and strain gauges are placed strategically to measure displacements, and hence calculate the vibration amplitude. †¢ Electrodynamic shakers are attached to the fin to induce structural vibration. These shakers are controlled by the test rig control system to model actual flight structural loads. †¢ In the experiment, four custom-made high-power amplifiers of 2kVA rating over 200Hz bandwidth were used. Results Conclusion The experimental results have shown that the active control system using piezoelectric actuators was able to effectively suppress the buffet response of the vertical fin at high angle of attack. Amplitude reductions of up to 60% at the normal flight configuration and close to 10% in the worst case scenario were observed (Yousefi-Koma A Zimcik DG 2003). It was estimated even a small 10% reduction in vibration amplitude would double the durability of the fin. Hence, it can be concluded that with the use of piezoelectric actuators in active-control surface modal (ACSM) device to deform the control surface, the control surface not only can respond to buffeting-minimization signals, but also flight control commands. †¢ Wing Flutter Damping When a structure is placed in a flow of sufficiently high velocity, an aeroelastic self-excited vibration takes place, which has a sustained or divergent amplitude. This results in dynamic instability that can get violent. This is because at high speed, the effect of the airstream can cause the coupling of two or more vibration modes such that the vibrating structure will extract energy from the airstream. The extracted energy equals the amount of energy that the structure can dissipate at the critical speed, and a neutrally stable vibration exists. However, above this critical speed, the vibration amplitude will diverge, causing structural failure. Experiment and Result The Piezoelectric Aeroelastic Response Tailoring Investigation was conducted at MIT with the support of NASA, and it aims to achieve the following objectives: determining the power consumption of the piezoelectric actuators while controlling the response of the structure; investigating optimal piezoelectric actuator placement; and, testing disturbance rejection controllers at zero airspeed (Anna-Maria Rivas McGowan). The major components of the 4-feet test model, as shown in Figure 2. 1. , consist of two primary structures: an exterior fiberglass shell, which is used to obtain aerodynamic lift; an interior composite plate that contains the piezoelectric actuators, and is made up of an aluminium honeycomb core sandwiche d by graphite epoxy plates. The plates are of [20 °2/0 °]s laminate, referenced to the wings quarter-chord which is swept 30 °, and this provides a static coupling of the bending and torsional behaviour. Fifteen groups of piezoceramic actuators patches are placed at the top and bottom of the interior plate, and they are configured to impart moments to the plate. Together with the orientation of the graphite epoxy and the wing sweep angle, the actuators can affect bending and torsional vibration of the model. Forces on the model were monitored using ten strain gauges and four accelerometers. To acquire time history data, each of the 15 piezoelectric actuator groups was activated individually, as well as in five sets of several actuator groups. The experimental results is shown in the graphs in Figure 2. 1. 7. In summary, it shows that the control system can effect successful flutter suppression and gust reduction in the model, with a 12% increase in flutter damping and 75% decrease in root-bending moment caused by gusts. This clearly shows the potential of the use of piezoelectric actuators in suppressing the detrimental effects of wing flutter. Rotor Blade Twist Outboard portion of the blade travel faster, and with the same lift coefficient, higher lift force is concentrated near the blade tip. To distribute the lift force evenly among the blades, the angle of attack is made to be lower near the blade tip, and higher near the blade root, such that the lift coefficient decreases with increasing distance from the blade root. This can be done by induced blade twisting, through the embedment of piezoelectric materials into the blade skin. Active fibre composites (AFC) are actually used, which consists of continuous, aligned PZT fibres in an epoxy layer (Figure 2. 1. ), and copper electrode films that are etched into an inter-digitated pattern to effect the electric field along the fibre direction, as shown in Figure 2. 1. 9 (Rodgers and Hagood, 1998). [pic][pic] Figure 2. 1. 8 Figure 2. 1. 9 Experiment Active Fiber Composite (AFC) was fitted into the construction of a 1/6th scale replicate of CH-47D blade model (60. 619in span and 5. 388in chord). The blade was sent for wind tunnel testing at Boeing Helicopters, PA. Three AFC plies were diagonally placed in the co-cured D-spar blade lay-up. When the fibres are activated, it causes a shear in the spar skin, which creates the blade twist effect.

The Importance of Chemistry essays

The Importance of Chemistry essays We are surrounded everyday by Chemistry. Chemistry was responsible for you car to get you to work, your furnace to heat your home, and your body to turn your breakfast into energy. The coke you drank with your lunch was flavoured by chemistry. Chemistry is often called the central science, because it is vital in the sciences of physics and biology. For example a living organism is a complex chemical factory; by understanding the chemical behaviour scientists can find new ways to treat disease. Chemists have even made it possible to produce crops of food plants that are hardier than the parent strains. Chemists have been able to make lots of useful inventions by using their knowledge of Chemistry. They discovered by mixing some twenty odd chemicals together they could flavour something with the flavour of peaches with out that item of food coming in contact with a single peach. Blend together a few different chemicals and you can create a pleasant smelling liquid, thus revolutionizing the perfume industry. Chemists discovered certain compounds can be used as a non-toxic food perseverant. When we tan is the sun it is a chemical reaction between our skin and the UV rays of the sun. Chemists use their knowledge of the properties of this reaction to create effective sunscreen. ...

Analysis Of Hamlets Isolation English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Hamlets Isolation English Literature Essay Many works reveal existentialism as a philosophy towards life. Someone who believes in this philosophy tends to become lonely, as one of the key concepts of existentialism is that we are alone. As demonstrated in Shakespeare’s tragic play, Hamlet’s attempt to come to terms with his existence pushes him to the edge as his loneliness overwhelms him. His soliloquies show elements of existentialism, revealing his turmoil of spirit and developing his character as being increasingly isolated. In Hamlet’s speeches, we see that he is an existentialist. When the ghost appears to Hamlet of his father passed, Hamlet is horrified. This encounter further pulls Hamlet away from reality as the ghost fills his head with ideas and a mission; Hamlet will revenge his father and kill Claudius. Claudius is revealed to us as being a hostile social force when the ghost comments, â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life / Now wears his crown.† (1.5.39-40). He re fers to his murder being committed by Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle. Hamlet admits that â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦memory holds a seat in [his] distracted globeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that he must â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦wipe away all trivial fond records, / all saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, / That youth and observation copied there;à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.5.97-102). By this, Hamlet means that he must do something about his life path and not dwell in the past. This resolve suggests the importance of the present. Hamlet is aware of the importance of acting on his impulses now because he realizes that something like pain can be easily forgotten. He wants the revenge to be as meaningful as possible to exact his vengeance properly. Estrangement from oneself can occur in many different forms. Hamlet’s thoughts and actions are disconnected. His mind is telling him to take revenge and kill Claudius, but his body does not obey him. He is in constant turmoil and contra diction with himself which brings him to be separated in his intentions versus his operations. This estrangement is disadvantageous to Hamlet in completing his task. Hamlet chastises himself for his failure and procrastination in regard to his father’s murder. In the observation from another of Hamlet’s soliloquies, â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / May be the devilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Out of my weakness and my melancholy, / [He] abuses me to damn me. I’ll have grounds / More relative than this. The play’s the thing / Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king.† (2.2.596-603) Hamlet doubts his father’s ghost’s credibility and is further isolated from those around him. His resolve makes him focused on this mission and Hamlet’s relationships with others suffer. The relationship with Claudius was already on edge, but Hamlet pushes him even farther away as he plots to kill him. The famous quote â€Å"To be, or not to be: t hat is the questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3.1.57) reflects on the human condition. Hamlet views the world in a different way than the other people around him. He realizes that people are alone and that things are not always as they seem. His insight scares and baffles other characters who interact with him. This is why Ophelia is also pushed away as Hamlet struggles with his inner turmoil and isolates himself from not only his mother and new king, but his girlfriend and love interest as well. This also reveals the absurdity of life. At this point in the play, Hamlet’s madness is being contributed to rejection of Ophelia’s love. This absurdity is only revealed to the readers of the play who have insight into Hamlet’s mind and intentions through his emotional soliloquies. The absurdity is further shown as Hamlet reflects on ending life. He describes the relief of dying, of leaving this world of pain and discomfort. However, one can never know what follows death a nd the fear of this prevents us from finishing ourselves off without living as much of this life that we can. Hamlet’s observation of this human condition remains absurd in our belief in it and our willingness to hold on to what we know.

What legal protection is given to archaeological sites in Britain To Essay

What legal protection is given to archaeological sites in Britain To what extent are these measures effective in safeguarding their future - Essay Example ise in order to preserve the heritage of the country because it understands that it is the only evidence of the pre-historic periods that existed and ensures that the legislation to meet these needs are properly carried out. The Ancient Monument Protections Act of 1882 was first imposed by the British parliament as a protective measure for all archaeological sites in Britain. The sites include ancient buildings, monuments, caves etc. The Protection for Military Remains Act of 1986 takes care of vehicles, vessels and other aircraft. The Archaeological Heritage Management also known as the Archaeological Resource Management is instrumental in conserving and managing the ancient archaeological sites of Britain. Their chief focus relates to the preservation, age and the use of the different archaeological resources available to us. In lieu of modern planning and development that poses a threat to the archaeological sites, the Archaeological Source Management Department devise ways and means of mitigating the adverse impact it could have on archaeological sites. In assessing the physical condition of any archaeological site, modern methodology and techniques are used to analyze, monitor and document the exte nt of deterioration and try to find the best means to preserve or conserve these ancient sites. In this essay we will attempt to look at the legislation that governs the conservation of archaeological sites and monuments so that we gain a better understanding of how important such laws are to the cause of preserving them. In Scotland alone, there are about 70,000 monuments and sites that are presently preserved under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The Secretary of State for Scotland plays a major role in the planning system. The local authorities are also responsible for the preservation and safeguarding of such archaeological sites and contribute towards the economy by helping with landscaping and other amenities for development of

What Was the Space Race What Did it Accomplish Essay

What Was the Space Race What Did it Accomplish - Essay Example It became a huge battle between the two blocks for space exploration supremacy. USSR, in her quest for supremacy built her first exploration machine, soon the US followed suit and were able to built one. In actually space race served to show supremacy in the field of science. These two blocks differed in ideologies and the reason why competition came to be. Both sides were able to acquire relevant knowledge in the field of science and this made a milestone in the same field. Basically space race was a product of two blocks whose political ideologies differed and supremacy in the field of space exploration was all the more important1. Space race became a new battle ground between the communist east and the capitalist west. This race therefore was so important for both sides. It showed which political ideology was better and definitely which one was going to win popularity. Many countries subscribed to communism while others stuck with capitalism. For the US, the pride of achieving a s uper power tag was looming and this was very important then and even in subsequent years. Technological skill was all the more important during this s time and a huge amount of money was spent in making such skills work. The US benefited from this race in many ways communication satellites were installed I the space and thus it became almost evident, everything was looking up communication wise2. The announcement of Neil Armstrong landing on space meant the US were being looked up to by many developing countries, this ensured supremacy just in case the world was in for another war. This supremacy, later played a big role in the formation of UN, where the US controlled major decisions for they were already being perceived as the super powers. Generally for the US Space race confirmed the end of communism an important fete in their history. American societies felt secured for capitalism appeared the right political ideology besides technological abilities being achieved to a greater e xtent3. The Russians on the other hand also got a lot of subscription from countries that thought communism was the best. Russians built their own space exploration machine named sputnik which made her get recognition from all over the world and instilled fear in her rivals most notably the US. This achievement gave the Russians a formidable image and eventually her reputation was held in high regard. Communication became easy and it led to knowledge acquisition in almost every aspect of life. Generally life became more easy and safe4. Nevertheless, the launch of satellite in 1957 by the Russians was a reflection of her technological abilities and a huge part of her history. It should also be noticed that the installation of a satellite in the space is an achievement whose effects are still felt up until now. What with satellite supported cameras and never ending technological innovation that touch on the satellite one way or another. So it is safe to say both this two blocks have b enefitted massively in the space race, from the technological advancements to political supremacy and good economic ties with her subscribing countries. With this entire race coming to effect, many accomplishments were made the US were able to seal her perceived victory. Capitalism was perceived as the best ideology and many countries established both political and economic ties with the US. In the field of science, the universe was explored and such discoveries as existence of the asteroids came to the fore. For Russians political ties were strengthened with those who stuck with communism5. Communication was made easier with the installation

Ford Motor Company Essay Example for Free

Ford Motor Company Essay Ford Motor Company is the third largest automobile manufacturer in the world based on automobiles sold. Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents (Datamonitor 4). Fords brands include Ford, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo, Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Mazda. Fords key products include passenger cars, trucks, busses and vans, sport utility vehicles, vehicle accessories, after-sales vehicle parts and products and extended repair service products. According to Fortune Magazine in 2007 Ford was the seventh ranked American-based company listed on the fortune 500 list, which was based on Fords global revenues in 2006 of 160. 1 billion. The companys success comes from its ability to focus on customer satisfaction and loyalty, anticipating and meeting changing customer needs, and delivering innovative products that exceed quality standards and are price friendly and also environmentally friendly. The financial stability of Ford and the long-term stability of our world are met by Fords strategy to lead with its products. Several key strategies are used by Ford that help to develop products that are of high quality, affordable to consumers and that are in high demand. These strategies include; continuous improvement of quality standards and customer satisfaction, adjusting to consumer demands by developing state-of-the-art technology that is cleaner and more fuel efficient, and delivering customer-focused innovations faster. If these strategies are implemented correctly Ford can overcome many or the driving forces that control competition in the automobile industry. Driving Forces Driving forces in an industry are the major causes that change the industry and the competitive condition of that industry. The main driving forces that significantly alter the automobile industry include; competition and globalization, new technology and innovations, changes in cost and efficiency, regulatory influences and government policy changes, and changes in societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles. Globalization is when automobile manufacturers offer their products internationally. One reason manufacturers do this is to increase sales in faster growing markets. Also production costs can be cut due to lower labor costs in markets around the world. Ford Motor Company is a strong believer in globalization; it manufactures vehicles in six continents across the world. Ford focuses on three primary types of emerging markets. The first market is developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil. The economies of these markets are growing and so is the need for products like automobiles. Ford realizes the amount of money consumers make in these developing countries and adjusts products to make them accessible to these consumers. In 2006, production capacity in China increased to 200,000 units (For a More Sustainable Future 7.) Also in 2006 Ford ranked second for customer satisfaction in India by J.D. Power Asia Pacific. The second emerging market Ford is focusing on is revitalizing economies such as Russia that are experiencing periods of growth after long periods of economic stagnation. The third emerging market Ford focuses on is high-growth niche market across the U.S. and Europe. Ford has developed and will continue to develop hybrid vehicles, advanced clean technology, and smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles that suit customers in a certain region or customers with different driving conditions. New technology and innovations is also a major driving force in the automobile industry. The ongoing change in technology alters the pattern of competition by attracting more buyers. Innovations in production techniques allow manufacturers to produce products faster, more efficiently and cleaner. Ford focuses its innovation on design, technology, safety, and the environment. Fords innovations are based on customer demands. Today more customers want environmentally friendly automobiles and better fuel-efficient cars. Ford has and is also developing more advanced technologies that are environmentally friendly. Examples include biofueled vehicles, hydrogen internal-combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell  vehicles. Ford also has an innovative manufacturing process, which is cleaner for the environment and also saves money for the company. Ford uses fluids blended from vegetable oil during engine production rather than using mineral oil. The associated waste in engine building is the most environmentally damaging part of the process. Ford also has improved its efficiency by enforcing strict energy intensive operations, such as the generation of compressed air for handheld tools on the production line. Changes in cost and efficiency also drive change in the automobile industry. In the past few years material costs, labor costs, employee benefit costs and oil prices have all been increasing. One way that Ford is combating high oil prices is its use of a soy-derived foam. The average vehicle made today contains 30 pounds of foam made from petroleum products. Ford is making an effort to replace 40% of the petroleum-based foam with a soy-based foam. To fight against decreasing profit, rising labor costs and employee benefit costs Ford has been implementing elements of its Way Forward Plan. This plan was developed in 2006. The plan calls for reducing the number of Fords North American manufacturing employees by 25,000-30,000 and also plans to idle 16 North American manufacturing facilities (For a More Sustainable Future 34.) Also in 2006 health care expenses for U.S. Ford employees, retirees and their dependents were $3.1 billion (For a More Sustainable Future 35.) Even though Ford values its past and present employees, the company cannot keep up with the rising prices of health care. In 2006 Ford had required retired employees to support a higher portion of their health care benefits, and active employees were asked to increase their health care contributions. Also in 2006 Ford employees were offered to leave the company. To make it appealing to employees Ford offered eight different incentive packages. A couple of these packages included early retirement and an educational opportunity package where employees with at least one year of service were eligible for up to $15,000 in tuition reimbursement per year up to four years (For a More Sustainable Future 34.) Another driving force that alters the competitiveness in the automobile industry is regulatory influences and government policy changes. One example of a regulatory influence would be the governments Corporate Average Fuel  Economy (CAFÉ) requirement, which measures carbon dioxide emissions. Ford has met the requirement every year since the program was first introduced. Altering societal concerns, attitude, and lifestyles are major instigators of industry change. Growing consumer concerns towards environmental safety is a major driver of change in the automobile industry. Ford recognizes that manufacturing and operating automobiles have a significant impact on the environment. Ford has several initiatives to protect the environment. The first initiative includes developing advanced environmentally friendly vehicles. Ford was the first U.S. automaker to offer a full hybrid vehicle, which was also the first hybrid from any automaker in the SUV segment. The second initiative for Ford is to meet and exceed new clean air standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Reducing the environmental impact of our environment is Fords third initiative to protect the environment. Ford also aims to recycle and reuse materials by contracting with suppliers to attain environmental friendly parts and components. An example is Fords Fumes-to-Fuel technology. A plants painting operations are its largest source of air emissions. Ford has developed a process that uses paint fumes to generate electricity for its plant. The last initiative for Ford is conserving natural resources by taking part in global environmental programs to conserver energy and water. Fords developed a software program called WET that creates a facility-wide water balance to quantify individual uses of water and identify areas of opportunity. Safety is another concern that drives changes in automobile designs. Not only does Ford develop innovative safety technology the company also educates drivers. In 2003 Ford teamed up with the Highway Safety Association and a panel of safety experts to create a program called Driving Skills for Life. This program teaches teenagers develop the skills necessary for safe driving, beyond what they learn in standard driver education programs (For a More Sustainable Future 30.) Five Force Analysis Intensity of Rivalry Among Competitors The automobile industry is one of the most competitive industries in the world. The top competitors globally and domestically account for most of the industrys market share. In the United States there are three top competitors known as the Detroit Three, formerly known as the Big Three. General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and the Chrysler Group are the three companies that makeup the Detroit Three. According to Wards Automotive Reports in 2006 the Detroit Three brands accounted for 41.5% of passenger car sales in the United States; of this 41.5% market share, General Motors controlled 20.8%, Ford 14.1% and the Chrysler Group 6.6%. The Detroit Three market share is slowly dwindling due to globalization, which is another reason that leads to stronger rivalry among competitors (Autos Auto Parts Industry Survey 9.) In the United States, according to Wards Automotive Reports, the top three foreign competitors that are trying to take over the U.S. market include; Toyota Motor Corp., Honda Motor Co. Ltd., and the Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. In 2006 Toyota, Honda, and Nissan accounted for 36.6% market share in the U.S. Individually Toyota controlled 18.7%, Honda 10.8% and Nissan 7.1% of the U.S. market share; in the truck category the Detroit Three brands account for 67% of Truck Sales in the U.S. Toyota, Honda, and Nissan are the foreign companies trying to compete with the Detroit Three (Autos Auto Parts Industry Survey 9.) Lack of product differentiation is another factor that adds to the intense rivalry between competitors. Automobile manufactures products include cars, trucks and SUVs. Even though there is a lack of product differentiation within the automobile industry there are many things that a manufacturer can do to alter design and production that make a product standout from its competitors. The innovation of technology and production causes intense rivalry between competitors because if automakers want to sell make the most profit they need to develop innovative technology that is a step ahead of its competitors and meets the needs of consumers or they need to develop innovative production techniques that are more  efficient and cheaper compared to its competitors. Ford is known for its innovation throughout the years; one example would be the moving assembly line. This manufacturing technique allowed individual workers to stay stationary and perform the same task repeatedly on multiple vehicles that passed them, this technique allowed Ford to be more efficient by producing many more vehicles than its competitors. Threat of New Entrants Although the automobile industry has very strong rivalries among competitors the industry will not see many new entrants in the future. There are several reasons why there is a low threat of new entrants in the automobile industry. The automobile industry has reached economies of scale and to be successful in the industry new entrants must reach economies of scale. Manufacturers must mass-produce automobiles so that they are affordable to consumers. Another reason why there are very few new entrants in the automobile industry is the very high capital requirement. Manufacturing costs, research and development costs, start-up costs, and advertising and promotion costs are a few costs that require huge amounts of costs in order to be successful in the automobile industry. With rising oil prices, increase in employee benefit costs, higher healthcare costs and also rising steel prices the threat of new entrants will remain to stay very low in the automobile industry. The current situation of the Automobile industry and the U.S economy is another factor that will keep the threat of new entrants low. Rising gas prices, low consumer confidence and shrinking home values are all factors that are causing decreases in automobile sales. Strong brand preferences and high degrees of customer loyalty is another reason there are few new entrants in the automobile industry. It is hard for a new manufacturer to attract customers that have brand preferences and are loyal customers, unless the manufacturer has a huge advertising and sales promotion budget or offer price discounts, these two things decrease profit margin. Threat of Substitute Products The threat of substitute products is very weak in the automobile industry. Automobile transportation for people makes it easy and fast to get from place to place depending on the length of their trip. Walking, biking, and riding trains, planes or subways are all substitutes to automobiles. These substitutes depend on the location of the person. People that live and work in the city will probably either walk, bike, or take a subway to work in order to avoid traffic or to protect the environment. The threat of these substitutes will always be low because it is convenient to have a car and new innovations toward environmentally friendly automobiles. Bargaining Power of Suppliers and Buyers In the automobile industry the bargaining power of the supplier is weak. There are so many part manufactures in the industry to choose from it is easy for a company to switch from one to another giving supplier no leverage. The automobile part sector is so big that it is divided into four business units: original equipment manufacturers, replacement parts manufacturing, replacement parts distribution, and rubber fabricating. According to a press release by Ford, the company spends around $90 billion on parts from more than 2,500 suppliers. Compare to the bargaining power of suppliers the bargaining power of buyers is a lot higher. Automobile manufacturers make profit from the sales of its automobiles. This means that manufactures have to produce automobiles that meet consumer needs and standout from its competitors. This is why consumers have such a high bargaining power because if they do not like a certain automobile they can choose another automobile from a different manufacturer at a relatively low switching cost. Analyzing the bargaining power of supplier and buyers, identifying the threat of new entrants and substitute products, and also analyzing the intensity of rivalry among competitors will allow a company to assess the competitiveness of a certain industry. SWOT Analysis Ford is the worlds third largest automobile manufacturer, and their brands are sold domestically and internationally, which include Ford, Land Rover,  Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury, and Volvo. In 2006 Ford received 30th place in the BusinessWeek-Interbrand ranking of the top 100 global brands in 2006. Another one of Fords biggest strengths is its industry leading innovative technology which is shown through product design, safety and production. Fords large network base is a strength to the company. Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents. Ford is also a very ethical company. For years, Ford has supported families in need. Ford encourages its employees to take two workdays per year to volunteer at an approved nonprofit organization. Although Ford is very successful it does have weaknesses. One weakness would be the decline in its market share. According to DataMonitor, Fords overall market share in the US has declined from 21.1 % in 2002 to 17.1% in 2006. Competition, globalization, low consumer confidence, and high gas prices are all factors that contribute to Fords declining market share. Another weakness of Fords is its declining profitability. At the end of 2006 Ford recorded revenues of $160,123,000 million which was a 9.5 % decrease from 2005. The operating loss of the company during 2006 was $16,950,000 million compared to a operating loss of $1,550,000 million in 2005. This means Ford had a net loss of $12,613,000 million in 2006, compared to a net profit of $1,440,000 million in 2005 (Datamonitor 4.) The automobile industry is full of opportunities. High gas prices and environmental issues have caused manufacturers to develop innovative technology. Ford is developing several technologies that are environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient. These vehicles include; biofueled vehicles, hydrogen internal-combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Global demand is also an opportunity for Ford. Ford has developed strategies to bring its product to emerging markets like India, China and Brazil. The economies of these markets are continuing to grow along with its demand for automobiles. A major threat to Ford is its competition, which includes General Motors, the Chrysler group, Toyota, and Honda. Rising costs are also a major threat to Ford. Rising labor and employee benefit costs have forced Ford to reduce its  workforce and to close some of its vehicle assembly plants. The U.S. economy is also a threat to Ford. Consumer confidence is down due to rising oil prices and declining home values. The future of Ford and the automobile industry will continue to be worse in the near future if these threats continue. With rising costs and increased competition the U.S automobile industry does not look good. Industry sales are expected to decline in the future due to low consumer confidence, rising interest rates, and high gas prices. SUV and truck sales will decline the most due to the rising gas prices. There will be a higher demand for smaller cars that are fuel-efficient. The Detroit Three along with other U.S. manufacturers will increasingly focus its operations internationally to markets in Eastern-Europe, Latin America and the Asia-Pacific where production costs are cheaper. Environmental friendly technology and manufacturing will also continue to rise because of the growing consumer interest in protecting our world. Works Cited Autos Auto Parts Industry Survey. Standard Poors June 2007: 28 18 April. 2008. For a More Sustainable Future. Ford Motor Company June 2007. 19 April. 2008 Ford Motor Company. Datamonitor Business Information Center Nov 2007. Campbell University Electronic Library., Buies Creek, NC. 18 April. 2008 Ford Motor Company. 2008. Ford Motor Company. 18 April 2008 Ford.com/. Gamble, John E., Strickland, A.J. III and Thompson, Arthur A. Jr. Crafting and Executing Strategy. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007. The North America Automotive Sectors. Mergent Oct 2007. Campbell University Electronic Library., Buies Creek, NC. 18 April. 2008

The Devils Backbone Essay -- essays research papers

During the Spanish Civil War, an orphaned 10-year-old boy, Carlos (Fernando Tielve), arrives at the Santa Lucia School, where he's taken in by the headmistress (Marisa Paredes). Over time, Carlos comes to realize that the school has some creepy secrets, including a sighing ghost. Starring Eduardo Noriega, Marisa Paredes, Federico Luppi, Inigo Garces, Fernando Tielve, Irene Visedo Directed by Guillermo del Toro Written by Guillermo del Toro, Antonio Trashorras, David Muà ±oz Studio Sony Pictures Classics During the Spanish Civil War, an orphaned 10-year-old boy, Carlos (Fernando Tielve), arrives at the Santa Lucia School, where he's taken in by the headmistress (Marisa Paredes). Over time, Carlos comes to realize that the school has some creepy secrets, including a sighing ghost. Starring Eduardo Noriega, Marisa Paredes, Federico Luppi, Inigo Garces, Fernando Tielve, Irene Visedo Directed by Guillermo del Toro Written by Guillermo del Toro, Antonio Trashorras, David Muà ±oz Studio Sony Pictures Classics Genre Horror, Drama Release Date November 21, 2001 (NY); expands nationwide at a later date MPAA Rating R - for violence and some sexuality Running Time 106 minutes Filming Location(s) Madrid Web Sites Official Site Official Spanish Site 10/08/01 Director del Toro is also attached to Blade 2: Bloodhunt and the comic book adaptation Hellboy. (Upcoming Movies) POSITIVE SOURCE RATING THE GIST Cranky Critic $5 †¦ a very cool ghost story, with a couple o...

With Reference To A Conflict Over The Use Of A Local

Paragraph 1: Introduction to Heathers, include; Cost E. Billion How it operates . 2 main parallel runways-landing occur at same time 2. 1 cross-wind runway 3. Most blow south/south west to west, so planes take off into the wind to provide â€Å"life† 4. Plane passes every 90 seconds How it has tried to adapt to locals needs (no fighting through night†¦ ) Night time fighting not generally allowed (after pm or before am) Compare to Trump's development. For example has it been adapted for people's needs.Don't visually benefit locals, but brings in tourists and income to area. Paragraph 2: The planning process of the Terminals and why it was necessary; Trading with Mounties overseas How the airport won't be able to cope with more traffic without another terminal Compare to Trump's development (was it really that necessary for the complex to be built in that particular area) nearly wasn't allowed there because the it is an area of outstanding beauty, but Scottish government ma de it okay for Trump to develop his ideas.Paragraph 3: The main arguments for and against terminal 5; FOR: rapid growth in air travel, reputation, airport capacity, competition with Europe, its important as a global â€Å"hub†, local economic value, tourism and the eider significance. AGAINST: industry is heavy subsided, economy is overstated, HACK and FOE. MAIN BODY OF ESSAY -Paragraph 4: Economic reactions within groups and weather their satisfied Against Aviation's contribution to the economy is overstated. It is only the 26th biggest industry in Britain, half the size of the IT industry and a tenth the size of banking and finance.The aviation industry is heavily subsided. Airlines pay no VAT on aviation fuel, a tax concession worth E billion a year in the sass and estimated to be worth El 6 billion by 2020. Airlines pay nothing towards the noise and pollution they cause as there is no environmental levy. For Competition with Europe – The position of Heathers as Rup ee's number one airport is being challenged by other European airports, such as Paris Charles De Gaulle (COG), Amsterdam Siphon and Frankfurt, all of which plan to expand capacity.Without expanding its own capacity, Heathers would fight to keep its place. Its importance as a global ‘hub' – Several business routes from Heathers, such as to Achaean and Bangles (India) and Los Angels ND Seattle (USA), rely on connecting traffic for 50% of their customers. They bring value to the airport and the LIKE economy by making routes financially feasible that would not be based on local demand alone.The wider significance – Although the enquiry noted that Weather's contribution to the Auk's gross domestic product (GAP) is probably underestimated (as there are no data to measure its influence in the Auk's and Loon's economy), the economic importance of Heathers is linked to its capacity. Restricting Heathers to 60 million passengers each year could affect the attraction of Lon don and the Oxford international investors. TO would contribute substantially to the LIKE economy, and to the success of London as a financial centre and its ability to attract further investment.

Labor Force

In any industry or company service workers do raise some complaints due to the way their employers treat them or due to the condition of working place.   These are some of the complaints most of workers do raise.   Service workers at times complain about low pay, no benefits and lack of effective communication from their employers.   Other issues such as workers being treated like slave laborers with no breaks and sexual harassment by he employers.   Problems such as political, height and weight discrimination are also faced by workers.   Some workers are mocked either because they are too short, tall or overweight.   Last problem is failure by employer to provide safety gadgets to its employees. In order to solve the above issues raised by workers, unions have been found to be of help.   Unions always try to analyze workers problems and try to protect them against threats from their employers.  Ã‚   In a case where safety gadgets are to be provided, unions do assist them in obtaining these safety measures.   Just like in oil mining fields gumboots and helmets are necessary because of accidents. Most workers tend to run away from jobs because there is no safety at the work place (Gus, 1995). Some of the reasons why new collar workers would not want the same benefits and clout that Blue collar workers were able to get by unionization are:   New collar workers get more benefits while blue collar workers get less benefits.   This makes collective bargaining become very hard because of the difference.   The more benefits you receive the stronger the bargaining power.   Blue collar workers are paid less and retirement age is always a bit early. Since blue collar workers are influenced by their employers they are always afraid especially in presenting their grievances. They fear threats of being sacked by their employers, which may make them loose their jobs (Gani, 1996). New collar workers may be hesitant to join a union especially when they realize that there are no benefits in what the union has to offer.   Normally workers need benefits that collective bargaining can bring but if the union is found to have no teeth to protect their interest then unionization is seen as useless.   Another reason why new collar workers may be reluctant to join unions does come from the influence of employers. Some employers use divide and rule tactics where they hold meetings with individual employee.   In this case they send messages of threats in the workforce cautioning workers that they risk suspension.   New collar workers also become reluctant to join unions because of lack of patience.   Most of them lack that time to wait long when it comes to fighting to achieve what they want (Michael, 2003). The future prospects of union in service industry according to my feeling are that it may end up fading with time.   This is because most of these unions do not commit to their core objectives why they were formed.   Workers are withdrawing from the unions because they feel they are cheated where by the system that is suppose to help them protect there is doing no job. References Gani, A  Ã‚   (1996). International Journal Manpower: Who Joins the Unions and Why (pp54 – 55) Mc B. up Ltd. Gus, T. (1995).   Look for the Union Label. Me Sharpe Publishers. New York Michael, D. (2003).   Why Unions Makers.   Amazon.com Books Publishers. New York.   

Working with children and young people in education The WritePass Journal

Working with children and young people in education Introduction Working with children and young people in education IntroductionSummary of the main argument of the articleDiscuss the ethical considerations or implications in working with children/and or young people. Refer to the article selected (about 700 words)References Related Introduction Summary of the main argument of the article Jabeen (2009) conducted a quantitative and a qualitative children-related study in Pakistan. By using quantitative research methods in the first study she could differentiate between certain groups of children, examine their demographic features and outline their problems. This was done from the â€Å"adult perspective†. The second study was based on qualitative-interpreting methods and constituted a participatory approach which had an added value to the evaluation. While participatory research can be resource- and time intensive it provides an insight into children’s lives which constitutes a necessity in order for society to understand children’s experiences. In addition this kind of research increases the likelihood of being able to protect the wellbeing of children and young people. In Jabeen’s second study the children were involved in the research and determined the terms of their interaction with the researchers. Children participants could maintain their individuality, autonomy and privacy. Such research ensures childrens rights to form opinions and express them in their preferred form and protect them against exploitation through research processes. This is very important since in the Pakistani cultural context there are no national statements or standards for the ethical conduct of research (Jabeen, 2009) and thus rights-based research involving children is not being guaranteed. Jabeen (2009) suggests that the role of ‘least-adult’ i.e. operating on the children’s level in their social worlds, could be beneficial in such a context in order to engage the trust of children whilst conducting research with them.   Jabeen described the children’s participation as enthusiastic because they had â€Å"never been asked before† and had the chance to express their opinions and talk about their personal experiences. Discuss the ethical considerations or implications in working with children/and or young people. Refer to the article selected (about 700 words) Rights-based research with children (but also with adults) makes it necessary to implement an approach that reveals patterns and differences within children’s experiences across times, places and cultures (Beazley et. al, 2009, p.369). The UNCRC points out, that children have the same rights as adults (Beazley et. al, 2009, p.368). These rights include respect, dignity, equality, expression, non-discrimination, life, and civil participation. However as Robson et. al (2009) observe, an international treaty such as the UNCRC can only refer to basic common rights of daily life, which are depending on different cultural values. It is however of importance, that children’s rights are defined by considering the respective cultural context. The authors stress out the significance of four ethical considerations, namely: (i) participation, (ii) acting in the best interests of children, (iii) protecting children from exploitation and (iv) researching young people â€Å"properly† (Robson et. al., 2009, p.468). With respect to the first ethical consideration, the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child provides children with the right to have a say in those matters affecting their lives (Robson et. al., 2009, p.467), thus legitimizing children’s participation in research. For the successful implementation of participatory research, it is essential that adult researchers behave respectfully towards children and young people, encourage the trust of children, are flexible with respect to the research design using methods which enable children to express their opinions, views and experiences and provide a transparent research process (Beazley et. al, 2009, p.370). Regarding the acting in the best interests of children it is essential that researchers try to conduct their research as ethically as possible. Robson et. al (2009) indicate that this is not always possible. For example by trying to ensure children’s participation in their research, the authors did not consider collisions between the young people’s school studies and their involvement in research (Robson et. al, 2009, p.471). The third ethical consideration concerns the protection of a possible exploitation of children. While the UNCRC states in Article 19 the right of children to be protected from exploitation which is being specified in article 32, a definition of the term â€Å"exploitation† is missing. This is somehow problematic since the limits of ethical research have to be decided in this case by the individual researcher (Robson et. al., 2009, p.472). The last ethical consideration concerns the children ´s right to be researched properly i.e. researching the lives of children is expected to maintain reasonable academic standards. This raises the question of who is eligible to research children properly. Jabeen (2009) suggests that a combination of different methods of data collection can increase the reliability of research and could be a proper way of pursuing children-based research. An answer as if to whether the â€Å"adult perspective† or the â€Å"children perspective† is the only proper way to research children cannot be easily given. It seems that ethical practice which often involves the balancing of different demands is not easy in practice (Robson et. al., 2009, p.467). Successful rights-based research depends more on the political and ethical commitments of the researchers (Robson et. al., 2009, p.477). However doing research â€Å"right† and â€Å"properly† means above all trying to maintain high ethical standards to protect children and young people from exploitation and respecting their rights, opinions and views. References Beazley, H.; Bessell, S.; Ennew, J.; and Waterson, R. (2009) The right to be properly researched: research with children in a messy, real world. Children’s Geographies, 7(4), 365-378. Jabeen, T. (2009) â€Å"But, I’ve never been asked†: Research with children in Pakistan. Children’s Geographies, 7(4), 405-419. Robson, E.; Porter, G.; Hampshire, K.; and Bourdillon, M. (2009) ‘Doing it right?’: working with young researchers in Malawi to investigate children, transport and mobility. Childrens Geographies, 7(4), 467-480.

Media in UK and Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media in UK and Qatar - Essay Example There limits of media and the code and conduct is an associated concept that comes along with the technology and other added functions within. Some of these states have it restricted to the state grant and state press and televisions, others offer relatively flexible terms such as United Kingdom is a front runner in this regard and has the world’s one of the strongest and stable media. B.B.C is a world renowned network working on television and radio and is absolutely free of any government interferences. The print media in general became dominant after 1960s. In Great Britain it was introduced in the form of Channel 4, I.T.V and Digital Radio and Television are few other hallmarks of Great Britain’s media sources and strong journalistic foundations. B.B.C was formally introduced towards the early part of 20th century and since televisions were not part of the media at that time, Radio served as the primary source towards reaching out to the people. Nearly whole of the English speaking world was reliant on the B.B.C radio transmission and reporting, hence Great Britain has played an important role in this regard. Newspapers and magazines are the printing form of journalism. Magazines largely make up for the recreational and tabloid material which is based on opinion, entertainment or other weekly and bi monthly editions. Daily Mail and Daily Express are two common examples of U.K. The Times is another similar magazine. Censorship is largely seen in parts of the world where the democratic governments are absent. Paparazzi makes up for an important industry and aspect of British media and most of its content is focused around celebrities and political figures trying to get information of their private lives. Blogs are another modern day concept comprising of the online diaries and personal opinion writing. Globally it is seen that the governments largely influence the policies and content of the media. This often leads to the deviation of the

Build a 4g network Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Build a 4g network - Research Paper Example It is expected at the same time to deliver an increase of approximately eighty two percent of high-speed network connectivity, and a 19 percent increment of subscriptions of mobile platform. From the inspiration by Gardner (2009), this technology also aims at minimizing the operational cost of the connection deal that has been won, and to enjoy the fact that there is no barrier in the use of laws, technology and language, political limitations and rules which have to be of major emphasis to the organization. From the earlier studies, it had been revealed that the internet connection can be used to establish more advanced data communications. Empirically, the network is ideal since it can revive the falling position of the company. Considering the cost factors, there are massive plans to invest a lot of funds into the up-and-coming 4G connection and high standard Long Term Evolution (LTE). The advanced TDMA technology will not only be a source of revenue for the USA business, but will also raise a lot of interest in practical areas that can be applied to the construction and implementation of the 4G network as an upgrade from the previous versions, 3G. The installation of this 4G network will focus on popularizing its use in the US. Selection of Equipment for the System The tests of the TDMA network gives data reports on the behaviors of the equipment right from the manufacturers to the requirement of the fourth-generation (4G) measurements, using both the single instrument and integrated instrument system solutions popularly applied in the U.S. It will serve the purpose of satisfying the growing demand for quality services and solutions such as voice, video and data communication. It is clear from the discussion by Browne (2009) that the 3G technologies have not been able to provide the solutions. The technology in this plan is a 4G series of network that uses the Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless technique. One of the requirements will be wireless signal anal yzers which are able to support devices of 2G and 3G specifications. This project views both the technical and analytical aspects of the higher standard requirement in the 4G technology, with the aim to increase the connectionless radio frequencies of the signal analyzers designed for use to support this 4G network. The design of these systems together with the corresponding software is planned to be the foundation for the Long Term Evolution 4G wireless connection. Long Term Evolution in this context expects the subsequent telephony Generation to be made up of mobile broadband technology. Data transfer takes place at the rate of 100 MB per second. Devices Required In order to solve the coverage issues that have been identified in the preliminary studies of this project, the fundamental device that will be required is the signal analyzer. Secondly, the 4G network will use Nokia cellular phone handsets versions that can support the GSM, TDMA and CDMA protocols. Using the idea from Le cklider (2009), the connection will require wireless connection channels of at least 30KHzs and speech coding devices. It will also require a modulation device that works with modulation of Differential ? / 4 – QPSK. Other devices include Smart Antennas, which essentially imply antennas stationed in the base connection station and cancelling the interference using digital signal

Metallgesellschaft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Metallgesellschaft - Case Study Example MGRM's Supervisory Board avoided bankruptcy by liquidating its forward delivery positions in December 1993. MGRM had begun to experience significant growth since 1989 when it acquired 49% stake in Caste Energy as part of its efforts to become a fully integrated oil business in the United States. As MGRM continued to make a series of costly expansions, its fixed-assets values tripled between 1989 and 1991. In a continuing effort to expand its US business, MGRM entered in to forward delivery contracts with Energy end-users at historic low prices during the summer of 1993. However, these contracts exposed MGRM to the risk of rising energy prices. To hedge this price risk, MGRM acquired energy futures at NYMEX and entered into OTC swaps with large OTC swap dealers. However, since future markets do not trade in very long term (10 years in this case), MGRM's strategy was to concentrate its derivatives positions in stacks or short-dated futures. Similarly the swaps had to be rolled forward continuously. MGRM's strategy exposed it to various risks. Its short-dated positions left it exposed to rollover risk. If the prices had risen, MGRM would have made substantial profits. And the opposite was true in case of the prices falling. However historically, energy prices have always shown an upward trend. Over a period of ten years prior to 1993, the energy market had been predominantly in backwardation. MGRM was betting on Energy prices continuing to rise. However, as shown by Edwards and Canter, its rollover risk was only about 15% of its price risk. Had the market been in backwardation, MGRM would have made handsome profits. But in 1993, crude oil was in contango every month, heating oil was in contango every month except March and April and gasoline was in contango every month except August. As a result, MGRM made substantial rollover losses during 1993. MGRM was also exposed to funding risk since its strategy was that of one-to-one hedge instead of a "minimum variance" hedge. This strategy would have worked had there been a one-to-one relationship between forward and spot energy prices. In that case, a fall in the spot prices would have been balanced by an equal and opposite change in the value of its forward delivery contracts. However, as shown by Edwards and Canter, a one-to-one relationship between spot and forward prices does not exist in the energy market. MGRM was also exposed to credit risk due to the long duration of its forward-supply contracts. And once the prices started to fall, this risk further increased as with the increased disparity in spot and contractually fixed price, the risk of the smaller firms defaulting also increased. Finally, MGRM was also exposed to basis risk due to the one-to-one hedge ratio. The timing of the investment in derivatives also went against MGRM. As stated above, 1993 proved to be disastrous year with energy market in contango for most part of the year. The huge size of MGRM's rollover trade was also responsible for increasing these risks. MGRM's huge holdings, equivalent to 160 million barrels, meant that other firms would have looked at MGRM before taking any steps. The size of MGRM's rollover trade could have also been indirectly responsible for pushing down energy prices. Hedging or Speculating There is some debate over whether MGRM's strategy was hedging or speculation. Culp and

The Use of the Set in French New Wave Cinema Research Paper

The Use of the Set in French New Wave Cinema - Research Paper Example One of these elements was the use of the set. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of the set in French new-wave cinema, particularly by focusing on the work of Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut; two prominent examples of filmmakers of the era. This will be examined in the context of the effect that this has on the character development in this genre of film. The use of real-life sets and the additional differences in perception has a significant effect on the characters of the film, who often present themselves in the same disjointed and spontaneous manner as the real life sets. The Use of Set & Theatrical Scenery in French New-Wave Cinema For a variety of reasons explored below, the typical French new-wave director would choose to produce a film set within an area that was familiar to them, usually exploring the French middle-class youth and setting the scenes in recognizable areas (Neupert, 2007). Perhaps the best way to capture the spirit of France at the time was to use real-life locations rather than contrived sets, as had been done previously, and a number of participants in the films were real-life individuals. As the movement developed, a number of the directors (particularly Godard) began to move into the use of studio sets, although conscious efforts were made to avoid replicating the very style the French new-wave had been rebelling against, often trying to replicate the lighting and sound interruptions that came with filming within ‘reality’ (Marie & Neupert, 2003). One if the most important aspects of French new-wave cinema is that those involved were often limited in funding, and many of the films therefore relied on makeshift elements. Filming on the streets allowed these new French directors to avoid some of the financial constraints that had been associated with filmmaking in the past (Neupert, 2007). In the 1960 film Breathless (A bout de souffle), for example, many of the elements were completely improvised. The u se of improvisation meant that the theatrical scenery was not constructed or purposefully used, and no permission was gained to shoot scenes on the boulevards of Paris (Turner, 1983). This was essentially done to create a spontaneous feel to the film, but may have been a result of the tight budget constraints on the film. Additionally, the film was designed to be in reportage (documentary) style, which means that the use of contrived set would have been unnecessary (Graham & Vincendeau, 2009). The conscious decision to avoid the use of a proper theatrical set in Breathless is typical of the rejection of classical cinematic form in French new-wave (Turner, 1983). Godard’s Contempt (Le Mepris) is another important example of film from this movement. Released in 1963, Contempt starts Brigitte Bardot in an adaptation of the Italian novel Il disprezzo. In contrast to Breathless, Contempt does not rely on already existing architecture and scene elements for the set, which much of t he filming being done at the legendary Cinecitta studios in Italy (Neupert, 2007). As a result of this choice, Contempt has less of spontaneous feel, and some consider the film to be less of an example of the contrary nature of French new-wave due to the use of these prepared sets (Hayes, 2004). Contempt was additionally not designed to be shot in reportage style, and therefore the use of prepared

Concepts on pilgrimage as a social process

Concepts on pilgrimage as a social process To what extent do Turners concepts of liminality and communitas cast light on pilgrimage as a social process? The concepts of liminality and comunitas is evanescent, like a wisp of smoke in the wind. (Shure, 2005) It attempts to achieve some formalization of a social process in a theoretically perspective, though academically this can be achieved; it is very hard to master the full and in-depth concept of the pilgrimage. As all academic essays require the clear and standard definition of the question, Turners concepts will subsequently be explained and furthermore the meaning behind both the pilgrimage and social process will be dealt with in detail. Turner draws on concepts of Van Genneps model of rites of passage; liminality is a state of transition argued by Turner, it is neither here nor there; they are betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and ceremonial. (Turner, 1969, p. 95) The attempt of the essay will show how the liminality iden tifies itself as period of transition with the social process of a pilgrimage, identify the equality and communitas will attempt to illustrate the process of a pilgrimage, however is structure truly lost during a pilgrimage and what is the concept of a social process and does a pilgrimage really fit into this definition, is a pilgrimage one of equality and individuality or that of a structured formation or a social experience. The rite of passage, focuses on the fact that a member of a group neither belongs to the group she was a part of or the group she will belong to after the luminal stage has been completed. A typical liminal stage can be seen as the child between becoming an adult and staying a child, puberty as a liminal stage in every individual persons own life pilgrimage. (Turner V. E., 1978) Continuing with the notion of liminal periods one can observe that in Mary Douglas Purity and Danger, illustrates that the individual is a polluting force on the external groups as liminal individuals are of no status, insigniakinship position, nothing to demarcate them structurally (Turner V. , The forst of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual, 1967, p. 98) Liminality, In the use of Van Genneps model of the three, Turner illustrates the phases of the ritual, the ritual is an catalyst and exemplifies the transitional period. The transitional period is identified as the liminal period. (Turner V. , 1967, p. 94) S eclusion from everyday life is a typical consequence to the liminal period which is the attempt to remove the individual from the society, subsequently forcing the individual into an interior pilgrimage of development of self. The application of classification is often used, in doing so this continues the transition and the removal of previous identity, furthermore denoting the status of transition. Turner develops this concept further in the ambiguity that is suggested, the concept of seclusion, and the non identification of the individual of gender or class. Turner continues to suggest the equality of this transitional period however many anthropologist are hesitant to apply this to an overall spectrum as in various societies the formation of structure is still imposed. (Turner V. , 1967) Turners three phase concept is simplistic in concept and difficult in application, phase one being the communication of sacra, where secret symbols are communicated to the ritual subjects in the form of exhibitions of sacred articles, actions, and instructions; the symbols represent the unity and continuity of the community. This then transcends into the liminal period of ludic deconstruction (Deflem, 1991, p. 13) and then subsequently the recombination of the individual; Turner develops on this and we move into the phase three, which is the removal of all social structure and what is left is solely the authority of the instructor and aim of the ritual. (Turner V. E., 1978) This phase three fuelled Turner into formalising the concept of Communitas as the identification of one. Anti-structure and Communitas are blood brothers in the opposition to structure, Turner clearly notes that communitas is present within in a liminal stage when structure is not present (Turner V. , 1969, pp. 94-96) as criticised above Turner clearly identifies this to be present within a period of liminality in a ritual process. The removal of all social elements and the exclusion from this constitutes a community bond, one of human kindness; constituting this ritual communitas of individuals in a separate transition society such as the concept of limbo between heaven and hell, between life and death. Turner further explains communitas in the Ritual Process, explaining that they refer to two further modalities of society. (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974) A Dialectic process between various communitas, a general view of equality of individuals (later works such as Eade argue against this concept) and that of the structured individuals in a hierarchical system such as in t he Hindu religion. The Dialectic has been used throughout time such as in Revolutions and the maximization of communitas provokes maximization of structure, which in turn produces revolutionary strivings for renewed communitus. (Turner V. , 1969, p. 129) Communitas is observed as something that is a phase in a process of a ritual not something that will continue after the process has been completed as the fate of any type of communitas is inevitably a decline and fall into structure and law (Turner V. , 1969, p. 132), after which a new form of communitas may rise again. (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974, p. 282) The concept of a pilgrimage and the community are centred to many scholarly debates, Eade and Sallnow question the role of the pilgrimage in sustaining or negating the social structure. (Sallnow, 1981) In following onto the concept that is discussed, the contrast to Marxist understanding to the pilgrimage as a structural maintenance juxtaposed with Turners pilgrimage concept of spontaneous communitas. Therefore in discussion of the experience does it not bind one to the larger concept of a community? (Eade J. a., 1991, p. 5) The pilgrimage is an area of anthropology that had lacked any in-depth focus within the field till Turners Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture and when formalising concepts on the pilgrimage one is prone to focus on the most powerful rituals performed by religious members and not necessarily the simplistic rituals of everyday life Eade Coleman suggest that pilgrimage has been neglected due to this assertion of a pilgrimage of a liminal nature, and that of a daily life furthermore suggesting that a pilgrimage is something of extraordinary nature such as the pilgrimage to Mecca, a pilgrimage to a holy shrine Why in this definition has pilgrimage has been removed from everyday life and imposed on that of a religious ritual background, one could suggest that the simplistic notion of going in search of a new pair of shoes or a job is a pilgrimage of the individual. In doing so one is removing themselves from the pre-persona and transition into the new entity and within this liminal stage they are neither. (Eade, 2004) Though Turner states that the individual accounts such as documents or oral narratives of the personal experiences allow us to envisage the social process of a pilgrimage, subsequently suggesting that even though a pilgrimage maybe an interior one between the divine or one or a social community to Mecca, a pilgrimage none the less is a social process. The pilgrimage as a social process is formed on the symbolic and structural elements, directly important when considering the apparent or lack of structure, anti-structure, communitas, and liminality. (Turner V. , 1974) (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974) Turner observes structure as a more or less distinctive arrangement of mutually dependent institutions and the institutional organization of social positions and/or actors which they imply. (Turner V. , 1974, p. 272) Therefore in such pilgrimages as Muktinath in Nepal such social relations as caste cause the formation of distance and ine quality (Turner V. , 1974, p. 272) (Edwards, 1972) That religious pilgrimage serves to highlight social principles which are idiosyncratic to a particular religious system (Messerschmidt, 1980) Most of Turners work was based on the Christianity bases of a pilgrimage as a result communitas behaviour was expectedinherent principles and idealistic expectations (Turner V. E., 1978) though juxtaposed with the pilgrimage of Hinduism, it is very much a contradiction as a Hindu society is hierarchical and subsequently even though through transition this structured formation is enforced. In relation to the question being addressed, this example illustrates Turners specific concepts of liminality and communitas do not act coherently throughout all religious pilgrimages. Even though structure plays an element in this example of a pilgrimage. Pilgrimage does not inherently maintain or remove the structure, though Starke and Finke suggest that it rather strengthens the bonds between the individual to a symbolic community. Therefore even though Me sserchmidt suggests that structure is within the liminal stage and subsequently communitas does not exist, could not suggest that the symbolic bond that is being achieved is subsequently causing a communitus that exists in a greater place. (Stark, 2000) If we look at the Hajj, it is one of the largest and most well known religious pilgrimages to date, that brings pilgrims back into the time of the Prophets and into the utopian-like society that previously existed. This pilgrimage is international, members of Islam ascend Mecca to fulfil a once in a life connection to a spiritual community, it is a pilgrimage of the individual however a social process which will forever be linked into history, with the notion of communitus one could further suggest that the linking with a spiritual holy place one is not just linking to a communitus of the present but that of the past and future. If all are equal at this period of time and structure therefore the communitus above time. (McCarter, 2005 ) Turners concepts of liminality and communitas cast a light on the social process of a pilgrimage in some specific notions. It has been clear that Turner has centred all research majorly on a Christianity stance and subsequently foreshowing other religious pilgrimages that actually do not have the removal of the structure within the liminal stage and therefore the inherent structure is transposed from the pre to post formations of the individual. As the question directly asks to what extent does Turners concepts cast light, it can be seen that metaphorically Turner has been the lighthouse to the development of anthropology of the pilgrimage; however inevitably with the development of theories, Turners concepts notwithstanding will always foreground others. Though as Modern development requires less need for lighthouses, so do the concepts of Turner no longer stand alone with theories of social process and pilgrimage. Turner illustrates that ritual is a response to a societys demand bu t that is actively involved in the human interaction and meaning. His actions and concepts are far from static. (Deflem, 1991) Furthermore supported in new research of John Eade, one can see that within Turners concepts the expression of a pilgrimage as something that is not a daily process has once again cast a shadow on the mundane concepts of a pilgrimage. One, can see that the direct social understanding of a pilgrimage is that of a religious one; the search for the divine inspiration and where miracles once happened, still happen, and may happen again (Turner V. E., 1978, p. 6)